US Nobel Winners

Posted by manohar kanuri | Feb 15, 2017 | Uncategorized | 0 |

From: www.nobelprize.org

	USA (259)			High School
1	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1923	Robert A. Millikan		“for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect”
2	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1927	Arthur H. Compton		“for his discovery of the effect named after him”
3	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1936	Carl D. Anderson		“for his discovery of the positron”
4	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1937	Clinton Davisson		“for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals”
5	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1939	Ernest Lawrence		“for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements”
6	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1946	Percy W. Bridgman		“for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics”
7	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1952	E. M. Purcell		“for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith”
8	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1955	Willis E. Lamb		“for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum”
9	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1956	John Bardeen		“for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect”
10	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1959	Owen Chamberlain		“for their discovery of the antiproton”
11	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1960	Donald A. Glaser		“for the invention of the bubble chamber”
12	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1961	Robert Hofstadter		“for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons”
13	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1964	Charles H. Townes		“for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle”
14	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1965	Richard P. Feynman		“for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles”
15	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1965	Julian Schwinger		“for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles”
16	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1968	Luis Alvarez		“for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis”
17	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1969	Murray Gell-Mann		“for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions”
18	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1972	John Bardeen		“for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory”
19	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1972	Leon N. Cooper		“for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory”
20	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1972	Robert Schrieffer		“for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory”
21	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1975	Ben R. Mottelson		“for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection”
22	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1975	James Rainwater		“for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection”
23	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1976	Burton Richter		“for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind”
24	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1976	Samuel C.C. Ting		“for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind”
25	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1977	Philip W. Anderson		“for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems”
26	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1977	John H. van Vleck		“for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems”
27	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1978	Robert Woodrow Wilson		“for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation”
28	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1979	Sheldon Glashow		“for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current”
29	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1979	Steven Weinberg		“for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current”
30	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1980	James Cronin		“for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons”
31	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1980	Val Fitch		“for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons”
32	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1981	Arthur L. Schawlow		“for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy”
33	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1982	Kenneth G. Wilson		“for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions”
34	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1983	William A. Fowler		“for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe”
35	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1988	Leon M. Lederman		“for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino”
36	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1988	Melvin Schwartz		“for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino”
37	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1989	Norman F. Ramsey		“for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks”
38	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1990	Jerome I. Friedman		“for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics”
39	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1990	Henry W. Kendall		“for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics”
40	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1993	Russell A. Hulse		“for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation”
41	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1993	Joseph H. Taylor Jr.		“for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation”
42	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1994	Clifford G. Shull		“for the development of the neutron diffraction technique”
43	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1995	Martin L. Perl		“for the discovery of the tau lepton”
44	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1995	Frederick Reines		“for the detection of the neutrino”
45	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1996	David M. Lee		“for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3”
46	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1996	Douglas D. Osheroff		“for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3”
47	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1996	Robert C. Richardson		“for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3”
48	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1997	Steven Chu		“for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light”
49	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1997	William D. Phillips		“for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light”
50	The Nobel Prize in Physics	1998	Robert B. Laughlin		“for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations”
51	The Nobel Prize in Physics	2000	Jack Kilby		“for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit”
52	The Nobel Prize in Physics	2001	Eric Cornell		“for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates”
53	The Nobel Prize in Physics	2001	Carl Wieman		“for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates”
54	The Nobel Prize in Physics	2002	Raymond Davis Jr.		“for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos”
55	The Nobel Prize in Physics	2004	David J. Gross		“for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction”
56	The Nobel Prize in Physics	2004	H. David Politzer		“for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction”
57	The Nobel Prize in Physics	2004	Frank Wilczek		“for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction”
58	The Nobel Prize in Physics	2005	Roy J. Glauber		“for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence”
59	The Nobel Prize in Physics	2005	John L. Hall		“for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique”
60	The Nobel Prize in Physics	2006	John C. Mather		“for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation”
61	The Nobel Prize in Physics	2006	George F. Smoot		“for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation”
62	The Nobel Prize in Physics	2009	George E. Smith		“for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor”
63	The Nobel Prize in Physics	2011	Saul Perlmutter		“for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae”
64	The Nobel Prize in Physics	2011	Adam G. Riess		“for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae”
65	The Nobel Prize in Physics	2011	Brian P. Schmidt		“for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae”
66	The Nobel Prize in Physics	2012	David J. Wineland		“for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems”
67	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1914	Theodore W. Richards		“in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements”
68	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1932	Irving Langmuir		“for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry”
69	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1934	Harold C. Urey		“for his discovery of heavy hydrogen”
70	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1946	James B. Sumner		“for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized”
71	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1946	Wendell M. Stanley		“for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form”
72	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1946	John H. Northrop		“for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form”
73	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1951	Edwin M. McMillan		“for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements”
74	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1951	Glenn T. Seaborg		“for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements”
75	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1954	Linus Pauling		“for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances”
76	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1955	Vincent du Vigneaud		“for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone”
77	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1960	Willard F. Libby		“for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science”
78	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1961	Melvin Calvin		“for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants”
79	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1965	Robert B. Woodward		“for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis”
80	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1966	Robert S. Mulliken		“for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method”
81	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1972	Christian Anfinsen		“for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation”
82	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1972	Stanford Moore		“for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule”
83	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1972	William H. Stein		“for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule”
84	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1974	Paul J. Flory		“for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules”
85	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1976	William Lipscomb		“for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding”
86	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1980	Paul Berg		“for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA”
87	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1980	Walter Gilbert		“for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids”
88	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1984	Bruce Merrifield		“for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix”
89	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1985	Herbert A. Hauptman		“for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures”
90	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1985	Jerome Karle		“for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures”
91	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1986	Dudley R. Herschbach		“for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes”
92	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1987	Donald J. Cram		“for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity”
93	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1989	Thomas R. Cech		“for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA”
94	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1990	Elias James Corey		“for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis”
95	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1993	Kary B. Mullis		“for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method”
96	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1995	F. Sherwood Rowland		“for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone”
97	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1996	Robert F. Curl Jr.		“for their discovery of fullerenes”
98	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1996	Richard E. Smalley		“for their discovery of fullerenes”
99	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	1997	Paul D. Boyer		“for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)”
100	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	2000	Alan Heeger		“for the discovery and development of conductive polymers”
101	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	2001	William Knowles		“for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions”
102	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	2001	Barry Sharpless		“for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions”
103	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	2002	John B. Fenn		“for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules”
104	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	2003	Peter Agre		“for the discovery of water channels”
105	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	2003	Roderick MacKinnon		“for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels”
106	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	2004	Irwin Rose		“for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation”
107	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	2005	Robert H. Grubbs		“for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis”
108	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	2005	Richard R. Schrock		“for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis”
109	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	2006	Roger D. Kornberg		“for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription”
110	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	2008	Martin Chalfie		“for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP”
111	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	2008	Roger Y. Tsien		“for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP”
112	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	2009	Thomas A. Steitz		“for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome”
113	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	2010	Richard F. Heck		“for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis”
114	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	2012	Robert J. Lefkowitz		“for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors”
115	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	2012	Brian Kobilka		“for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors”
116	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	2014	Eric Betzig		“for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy”
117	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	2014	William E. Moerner		“for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy”
118	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry	2015	Paul Modrich		“for mechanistic studies of DNA repair”
119	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1933	Thomas H. Morgan		“for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity”
120	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1934	George R. Minot		“for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia”
121	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1934	William P. Murphy		“for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia”
122	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1934	George H. Whipple		“for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia”
123	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1943	Edward A. Doisy		“for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K”
124	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1944	Joseph Erlanger		“for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres”
125	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1944	Herbert S. Gasser		“for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres”
126	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1946	Hermann J. Muller		“for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation”
127	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1950	Edward C. Kendall		“for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects”
128	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1950	Philip S. Hench		“for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects”
129	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1954	John F. Enders		“for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue”
130	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1954	Frederick C. Robbins		“for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue”
131	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1954	Thomas H. Weller		“for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue”
132	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1956	Dickinson W. Richards		“for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system”
133	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1958	George Beadle		“for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events”
134	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1958	Joshua Lederberg		“for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria”
135	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1958	Edward Tatum		“for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events”
136	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1959	Arthur Kornberg		“for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid”
137	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1962	James Watson		“for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material”
138	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1966	Peyton Rous		“for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses”
139	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1967	Keffer Hartline		“for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye”
140	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1967	George Wald		“for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye”
141	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1968	Robert W. Holley		“for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis”
142	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1968	Marshall W. Nirenberg		“for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis”
143	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1969	Alfred D. Hershey		“for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses”
144	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1970	Julius Axelrod		“for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation”
145	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1971	Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.		“for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones”
146	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1972	Gerald M. Edelman		“for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies”
147	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1975	David Baltimore		“for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell”
148	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1975	Howard M. Temin		“for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell”
149	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1976	Baruch S. Blumberg		“for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases”
150	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1976	D. Carleton Gajdusek		“for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases”
151	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1977	Rosalyn Yalow		“for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones”
152	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1978	Daniel Nathans		“for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics”
153	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1978	Hamilton O. Smith		“for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics”
154	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1980	George D. Snell		“for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions”
155	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1981	Roger W. Sperry		“for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres”
156	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1983	Barbara McClintock		“for her discovery of mobile genetic elements”
157	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1985	Michael S. Brown		“for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism”
158	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1985	Joseph L. Goldstein		“for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism”
159	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1986	Stanley Cohen		“for their discoveries of growth factors”
160	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1988	Gertrude B. Elion		“for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment”
161	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1988	George H. Hitchings		“for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment”
162	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1989	J. Michael Bishop		“for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes”
163	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1989	Harold E. Varmus		“for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes”
164	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1990	Joseph E. Murray		“for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease”
165	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1990	E. Donnall Thomas		“for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease”
166	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1992	Edwin G. Krebs		“for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism”
167	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1993	Phillip A. Sharp		“for their discoveries of split genes”
168	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1994	Alfred G. Gilman		“for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells”
169	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1994	Martin Rodbell		“for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells”
170	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1995	Edward B. Lewis		“for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development”
171	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1995	Eric F. Wieschaus		“for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development”
172	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1997	Stanley B. Prusiner		“for his discovery of Prions – a new biological principle of infection”
173	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1998	Robert F. Furchgott		“for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system”
174	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1998	Louis J. Ignarro		“for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system”
175	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	1998	Ferid Murad		“for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system”
176	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	2000	Paul Greengard		“for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system”
177	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	2001	Leland Hartwell		“for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle”
178	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	2002	H. Robert Horvitz		“for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'”
179	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	2003	Paul C. Lauterbur		“for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging”
180	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	2004	Richard Axel		“for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system”
181	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	2004	Linda B. Buck		“for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system”
182	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	2006	Andrew Z. Fire		“for their discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA”
183	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	2006	Craig C. Mello		“for their discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA”
184	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	2009	Carol W. Greider		“for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase”
185	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	2011	Bruce A. Beutler		“for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity”
186	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	2013	James E. Rothman		“for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells”
187	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	2013	Randy W. Schekman		“for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells”
188	The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	2014	John O’Keefe		“for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain”
189	The Nobel Prize in Literature	1930	Sinclair Lewis		“for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters”
190	The Nobel Prize in Literature	1936	Eugene O’Neill		“for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy”
191	The Nobel Prize in Literature	1938	Pearl Buck		“for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces”
192	The Nobel Prize in Literature	1948	T.S. Eliot		“for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry”
193	The Nobel Prize in Literature	1949	William Faulkner		“for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel”
194	The Nobel Prize in Literature	1954	Ernest Hemingway		“for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style”
195	The Nobel Prize in Literature	1962	John Steinbeck		“for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception”
196	The Nobel Prize in Literature	1993	Toni Morrison		“who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality”
197	The Nobel Prize in Literature	2016	Bob Dylan		“for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition”
198	The Nobel Peace Prize	1906	Theodore Roosevelt
199	The Nobel Peace Prize	1912	Elihu Root
200	The Nobel Peace Prize	1919	Woodrow Wilson
201	The Nobel Peace Prize	1925	Charles G. Dawes
202	The Nobel Peace Prize	1929	Frank B. Kellogg
203	The Nobel Peace Prize	1931	Jane Addams
204	The Nobel Peace Prize	1931	Nicholas Murray Butler
205	The Nobel Peace Prize	1945	Cordell Hull
206	The Nobel Peace Prize	1946	Emily Greene Balch
207	The Nobel Peace Prize	1946	John R. Mott
208	The Nobel Peace Prize	1950	Ralph Bunche
209	The Nobel Peace Prize	1953	George C. Marshall
210	The Nobel Peace Prize	1962	Linus Pauling
211	The Nobel Peace Prize	1964	Martin Luther King Jr.
212	The Nobel Peace Prize	1970	Norman Borlaug
213	The Nobel Peace Prize	1997	Jody Williams		“for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines”
214	The Nobel Peace Prize	2002	Jimmy Carter		“for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development”
215	The Nobel Peace Prize	2007	Al Gore		“for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change”
216	The Nobel Peace Prize	2009	Barack H. Obama		“for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples”
217	The Prize in Economic Sciences	1970	Paul A. Samuelson		“for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science”
218	The Prize in Economic Sciences	1972	Kenneth J. Arrow		“for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory”
219	The Prize in Economic Sciences	1976	Milton Friedman		“for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy”
220	The Prize in Economic Sciences	1978	Herbert Simon		“for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations”
221	The Prize in Economic Sciences	1979	Theodore W. Schultz		“for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries”
222	The Prize in Economic Sciences	1980	Lawrence R. Klein		“for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies”
223	The Prize in Economic Sciences	1981	James Tobin		“for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices”
224	The Prize in Economic Sciences	1982	George J. Stigler		“for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation”
225	The Prize in Economic Sciences	1986	James M. Buchanan Jr.		“for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making”
226	The Prize in Economic Sciences	1987	Robert M. Solow		“for his contributions to the theory of economic growth”
227	The Prize in Economic Sciences	1990	Harry M. Markowitz		“for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics”
228	The Prize in Economic Sciences	1990	Merton H. Miller		“for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics”
229	The Prize in Economic Sciences	1990	William F. Sharpe		“for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics”
230	The Prize in Economic Sciences	1992	Gary Becker		“for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour”
231	The Prize in Economic Sciences	1993	Robert W. Fogel		“for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change”
232	The Prize in Economic Sciences	1993	Douglass C. North		“for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change”
233	The Prize in Economic Sciences	1994	John F. Nash Jr.		“for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games”
234	The Prize in Economic Sciences	1995	Robert E. Lucas Jr.		“for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy”
235	The Prize in Economic Sciences	1997	Robert C. Merton		“for a new method to determine the value of derivatives”
236	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2000	James J. Heckman		“for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples”
237	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2000	Daniel L. McFadden		“for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice”
238	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2001	George A. Akerlof		“for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information”
239	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2001	A. Michael Spence		“for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information”
240	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2001	Joseph E. Stiglitz		“for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information”
241	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2002	Vernon L. Smith		“for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms”
242	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2003	Robert F. Engle III		“for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)”
243	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2004	Edward C. Prescott		“for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles”
244	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2005	Thomas C. Schelling		“for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis”
245	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2006	Edmund S. Phelps		“for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy”
246	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2007	Eric S. Maskin		“for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory”
247	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2007	Roger B. Myerson		“for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory”
248	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2008	Paul Krugman		“for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity”
249	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2009	Elinor Ostrom		“for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons”
250	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2009	Oliver E. Williamson		“for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm”
251	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2010	Peter A. Diamond		“for their analysis of markets with search frictions”
252	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2010	Dale T. Mortensen		“for their analysis of markets with search frictions”
253	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2011	Thomas J. Sargent		“for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy”
254	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2011	Christopher A. Sims		“for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy”
255	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2012	Lloyd S. Shapley		“for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design”
256	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2012	Alvin E. Roth		“for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design”
257	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2013	Eugene F. Fama		“for their empirical analysis of asset prices”
258	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2013	Robert J. Shiller		“for their empirical analysis of asset prices”
259	The Prize in Economic Sciences	2013	Lars Peter Hansen		“for their empirical analysis of asset prices”

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